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The drug improved insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and prandial insulin and glucagon concentrations

GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), and dulaglutide (Trulicity) work through multiple mechanisms to control blood glucose and reduce appetite

By stimulating both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, Tirzepatide increases insulin response when needed and reduces appetite signals more effectively than single-receptor drugs

AMPK is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis by integrating hormonal and nutritional signals in both the periphery and the CNS [128]

Both forms of circulating GLP-1 are subject to rapid N-terminal degradation by DPP-4 (86, 87), cleaving after Ala 2 to generate GLP-1(9-36) or (9-37) metabolites (86, 87)