glp 1 kidney stones GLP-1 and the kidney: from physiology to pharmacology and outcomes in diabetes glp 1 kidney stones GLP‑1

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Value of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus long-acting insulins for type 2 diabetes patients with and without established cardiovascular or chronic kidney diseases: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis using real-world data

The distinct expression patterns suggest nuanced and potentially non-redundant roles for GLP-1 signaling in these systems.27 Activation of GLP-1 neurons in the NTS has been shown to reduce metabolic rates and suppress food intake in both fed and fasted murine models.2,28,34 Moreover, stimulation of NTS GLP-1 neurons inhibits hepatic glucose production without altering peripheral glucose uptake, illustrating the involvement of the central GLP-1 system in energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism.34,35 The hypothalamus serves as a principal downstream target for peripherally administered GLP-1RAs and GLP-1 neurons originating in the hindbrain.36 Pharmacological studies in whole-animal models have demonstrated that the activation of GLP-1 receptors enhances glucose tolerance and suppresses food intake, thereby facilitating weight loss and improving glucose homeostasis.37,38 Genetic approaches in mice further corroborate the physiological significance of GLP-1 receptor in the regulation of energy balance and glucose metabolism

In a sodium monoiodoacetateinduced model of osteoarthritis, a single intra-articular injection of 20 g liraglutide reduced pain sensitivity and synovitis, in the absence of any changes in body weight (86)

There are discussions about using these drugs in overweight individuals (BMI 2730) to prevent progression to obesity or to treat weight-related conditions even at lower BMI, but currently insurance coverage is mainly for obesity or diabetes