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51 Addressing these adverse effects is crucial for improving patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes

Its signaling helps protect cartilage by reducing cell death, lowering inflammation, and preserving the joint's structure [82]

Fortunately, there is a class of drugs known as GLP-1 agonists that have been shown to be effective in weight loss and may be particularly useful for PCOS patients

Diabetes & Metabolism

In both studies, stimuli with TNF and IL-1, respectively, led to decreased mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8) and expressions of matrix-metalloproteinase 1, 3, and 13, and upregulation of the p38/MAPK and p-65/NFB transcriptional complex expressions of the proinflammatory signalling pathways (Table 2) [39,40]