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Description

highly protein-bound Metabolism: Liver (partially active metabolites) Excretion: Mainly renal and biliary Half-life: ~10 hours Clinical Uses Type 2 diabetes mellitus when diet, exercise, or metformin is insufficient Combination therapy sometimes combined with metformin or other oral hypoglycemics Adverse Effects Hypoglycemia: Most common sweating, tremor, confusion, seizures in severe cases Weight gain due to increased insulin Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort Hematologic: Rare leukopenia, thrombocytopenia Allergic reactions: Rash, photosensitivity (rare) Precautions Avoid in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe insulin deficiency Renal/hepatic impairment increased risk of hypoglycemia Elderly patients more prone to hypoglycemia Alcohol: May cause disulfiram-like reaction or unpredictable glucose effects Drug Interactions Other hypoglycemic drugs / insulin: risk of hypoglycemia CYP2C9 inhibitors (e.g., fluconazole) glibenclamide levels hypoglycemia CYP2C9 inducers (e.g., rifampicin) efficacy Beta-blockers: Mask hypoglycemia symptoms Class: Sulfonylurea (oral hypoglycemic) Mechanism: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic -cells Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus Major adverse effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain Key note: Requires functional pancreatic -cells Mnemonic for Sulfonylurea Action (CLOSE K) C Closes K channels L Leads to depolarization O Opens Ca channels S Secretion of insulin E Effect blood glucose To view or add a comment, sign in Why does SGLT2 inhibition improve -cell function in type 2 diabetes

Supplementary Materials Data Availability Statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material