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Interaction 2 Nicotine Speeds Caffeine Clearance Smokers metabolise caffeine twice as fast as non-smokers Nicotine induces liver enzymes (CYP1A2) that significantly accelerate caffeine metabolism smokers clear caffeine from their system approximately twice as fast as non-smokers

Alcohol (65%) Young people who use e-cigarettes are four times more likely to start smoking cigarettes (Berry, et

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It is important to understand these effects to appreciate the wider health implications of using nicotine

The Role of Health Policy and Government Health Funding Health policy and government health funding are inextricably linked