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However, studies of mouse models have examined the adult offspring from mothers exposed to cigarette smoke and/or those consuming a high-fat diet during the pregnancy (Chen et al., 2011)

Smoking significantly increases risks for lung, throat, bladder, pancreatic, and cervical cancers, with lung cancer representing the most prevalent and deadly outcome

Many toxic effects induced by CS, particularly the induction of carcinogenesis, result from direct genetic or epigenetic effects resulting in altered gene functions (for example, cell cycle, DNA repair, and tumor suppressor genes)

Top Tips To Quit Smoking Do any activity that satisfies your cravings to replace smoking

The use of chemicals directly impacts the health of farmers, 60% to 70% of whom are women