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A modified version of the FTND for assessment of smokeless tobacco users has also been developed.(18) In addition, a reduced version of the FTQ has also been proposed: the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), which consists of two questions (FTQ questions one and four) related to the need for nicotine replacement and to the level of tobacco consumption.(19) Studies evaluating the HSI and comparing it to the FTND have shown that the HSI results are similar to those obtained with the FTND.(8,9,11,20-22) The objective of the present study was to perform a critical review of articles in the indexed literature related to the psychometric properties of the FTND

Police officers rely on breathalyzer results, and errors in testing can lead to serious consequences such as car impoundment, license suspension, or even a DUI conviction if not properly challenged

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Men were almost 3 times more likely to smoke cigarette than women ( Figure 1B ) and the percentage among residents who lived below 200% of Federal Poverty Level was 2 times higher than residents who lived above 200% of Federal Poverty Level ( Figure 1C )