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Moreover, we computed the F-statistic for the instrumental variables in order to reduce the bias that may arise from weak instruments

Changes in substance use behavioral patterns included ordering from alternative sellers, buying vaping products online, quitting vaping, and switching to cannabis or other products, resulting from the inherent challenges with making purchases at local vendors 108

However, we note that vaping prevalence was very low before we started collecting data on this [53], so it would not have been possible to model trends in non-daily smoking by vaping status over a much longer period

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The estimated effect of graphic warning labels on smokers intention to quit in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study