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Carnitine biosynthesis intermediates measurement Measurements of carnitine biosynthesis intermediates, including N-6-trimethyllysine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and HTML/TML ratio, were performed at the Amsterdam UMC laboratory for Genetic Metabolic Diseases in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Together, these compounds may promote better glucose use, cellular energy, and improved metabolic health

Abbreviations WHO: World Health Organization TAK1: Transforming growth factor- -activated kinase 1 MO: Moringa oleifera AGE: Advanced Glycation Endproducts MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response protein TNF- : Tumor Necrosis Factor- IKKB: Inhibitory kB kinase beta RAGE: Advanced glycation endproduct receptor NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase ROS: Reactive oxygen species CAT: Catalase HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 SOD: Sodium dismutase NOX: NADPH-oxidase IKK: Inhibitory KB kinase alpha TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6 Keap1: Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 LPS: Lipopolysaccharides MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein Nrt2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 NFB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Keap: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 ARE: Antioxidant response element

The study revealed a reduction in the activity of lipogenic enzymes alongside an increase in CPT-1 enzyme activity, which is essential for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation