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[55], showed that rats, orally receiving radiolabeled LC, metabolized it to -butyrobetaine (up to 31% of the administered dose, present primary in feces) and TMAO (up to 23% of the administered dose, present primary in urine)
The bile acids, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, regulate colonic epithelial wound healing

Furthermore, combining these active ingredients improved skin hydration while reducing transepidermal water loss, confirming enhanced barrier function
Likewise, metabolites accumulated after long term utilization of pharmacological therapies, such as valproate [79] and the antibiotic cefditoren pivoxil [80], can be conjugated to carnitine and result in carnitine depletion

Carnitine also has osmoprotective properties, which can inhibit the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and protect corneal and conjunctival cells from hyperosmotic stress in dry eye [320]