methylation and glutathione cycle hypothesis Glutathione in Mental Disorders: Mechanisms

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This pathway can be inhibited by the cell-survival signaling pathways mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (protein kinase B), which may protect the cells against the cytotoxic effects of VPA [210]

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(ii) period of curbing biofilm formation: targeting several pivotal molecules, for instance, polysaccharides, proteins, and eDNA via polysaccharide hydrolases, proteases, and DNases respectively in the second stage before developing into irreversible biofilm