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Under oxidative stress and induced by excessive ROS generation, Nrf2 is released from its inhibitor Keap1, allowing its translocation into the nucleus (Kasprzak et al., 2020), where it binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the DNA sequence of numerous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (glutamate cysteine ligase), heme oxygenase 1, and paraoxonase-1 inducing their transcription, managing the phase II response to oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020)

Assay of the extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ratio The LDH ratio in the extracellular envirnoment in the presence or absence of CS nanozyme was measured via a Lactate Dehydrogenase Cytotoxicity Test Kit (Beyotime, C0016)

A recent study identified Demethylzeylasteral (T-96), a small molecule from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., as a novel inhibitor of leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRPPRC), which regulates the stability of mitochondrial DNA-encoded mRNA (mt-mRNA) and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the OXPHOS complex

Matrigel invasion assay 4T1 cells were seeded in the upper chamber of a Transwell insert (8 m pore size) at a density of 5 10 4 cells per well in serum-free medium and starved overnight