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Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

While it ensures direct systemic absorption, it is less patient-friendly and may result in reduced treatment adherence

B12s vital role in the methylation cycle explains why the vitamin has an effect on areas as diverse as the nervous system, DNA synthesis, detoxification and the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters

A 2024 study found deficiency prevalence ranges from 5% to 52% in vegans, with the wide gap reflecting differences in supplement use

for neutral grounding on indications and biology, see Vitamin B12 Health Professional Fact Sheet , which outlines deficiency care and dosing context for clinicians