ascorbic acid oxidation glutathione The cyclic redox relationship between the glutathione, acid, and Dehydroascorbic acid S-Thiolation of peptides

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PMID 1851003

Several complex signal transduction pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in APAP hepatotoxicity, including those involving c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and sterile inflammation (Chowdhury et al

Evangelista JF, Meirelles CM, Aguiar GS, Alves R, Matsuura C

Abbreviations DM: Diabetes Mellitus CD: Cognitive Dysfunction TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor- NDDG: The National Diabetes Data Group T1D: Type 1 Diabetes T2D: Type 2 Diabetes GD: Gestational Diabetes HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus BBB: BloodBrain Barrier GABA-A: -aminobutyric acid-A IR: Insulin Receptor PGC-1: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1 SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 NF-KB: Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated cells FOXO: Forkhead box O IL-6: Interleukin 6 AGE: Advanced Glycation End Products A: Amyloid Beta PINK1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 TNF: Tumor necrosis factor PKC: Protein Kinase C AChE: Acetylcholinesterase CAT: Catalase LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoproteins-Cholesterol HbAlc: Hemoglobin A1c GSK3B: Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta ApoE-4: Apolipoprotein E-4 Allele Expression STZ: Streptozotocin BW: Body Weight STZ-NA: Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide p.o.: Per Oral BDNF: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor AD: Alzheimer's Disease ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase PPAR-: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma PPAR-: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor IRS: Insulin receptor MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase FA: Fatty acids ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species RNS: Reactive Nitrogen Species LPO: Lipid peroxidation HO-1: Heme Oxygenase 1 GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4 Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2Related Factor 2 Glucose-6-P: Glucose 6-phosphatase mRNA: Messenger RNA A: Amyloid beta IFN-: Interferon-Gamma TGF-: Transforming Beta Growth Factor HFD: High-Fat-Diet PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase AKT: Protein kinase B GS: Glycogen synthase IL-1: Interleukin-1 GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta DPP4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor MDA: Malondialdehide NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate GSH: Glutathione Peroxidase SOD: Superoxide dismutase CREB: Cyclic-AMP response element binding pGSK3: Phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 References Abbas1, M