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All patients were non-smokers (39)

A randomized controlled trial found that aerobic exercise and lower-body resistance training 3 days per week significantly reduced symptoms of RLS (Aukerman 2006)

Hershman DL, Unger JM, Crew KD, Minasian LM, Awad D, Moinpour CM, Hansen L, Lew DL, Greenlee H, Fehrenbacher L, Wade JL 3rd, Wong SF, Hortobagyi GN, Meyskens FL, Albain KS

The increase in plasma zonulin levels in HT patients suggests that zonulin may play a role in the pathogenesis of HT as a marker of intestinal permeability damage

Amino acids, such as L-carnitine, are under investigation for their role in energy production and symptom management, although results are mixed