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A Foundation for Well-Being: B-12 deficiency can lead to various health concerns

147 Although the susceptibility of transplanted cellular constructs to the typical progression of PD pathology is still unclear, dopaminergic neurons from tissue grafts can survive up to 24 years in vivo despite ongoing degeneration of the native dopaminergic system

doi:10.1074/jbc.M700804200

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In PD, this process has dual consequences: (1) autonomous neuronal death, where GSDMD pores disrupt mitochondrial and ER membranes in dopaminergic neurons, inducing calcium overload and energy depletion, and (2) neuroinflammatory propagation, where IL-1 activates microglia and astrocytes, driving further production of TNF-, nitric oxide (NO), and ROS (O 2 - ), which activate NLRP3 in adjacent neurons [50]