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Adequate B12 is linked to better concentration, faster recall, and reduced brain fog, especially in adults over 40, in anyone on a plant-forward diet, and in patients with the MTHFR gene variant that affects how the body processes folate and B12

But for treating neuropathy, we need more to help fix nerve damage and support healing

This includes vegans and vegetarians, older adults, individuals with atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, gastrointestinal disorders, those who have had gastrointestinal surgery and people who take certain medications including, but not limited to, estrogen (HRT), and birth control pills

Oral B12 supplementation (typically 50-150 micrograms daily) may be appropriate for dietary deficiency in vegans or vegetarians without malabsorption issues

Hcy interacts with cysteine-825 residues situated on the pro-insulin receptor within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby disrupting the formation of initial disulfide bonds