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Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) and prostaglandins (PGs), released from astrocytes under traumatic events, can reactivate their calcium signaling, and can cause increased glutamate release (Bezzi et al., Reactive astrocytes are also involved in the pathogenesis of other neuronal disorders

That holds even for people who would not otherwise have difficulties

up to 30% progress on imaging, after an average follow-up of 3 years

Apart from its protective effect against multiple organ injuries, BPC157 has also demonstrated cytoprotective (Sikiric et al., 2018) and anti-inammatory properties and plays a role in maintaining epithelial integrity (Mota et al., 2018)

These findings establish the ROS/GSK3/GPX4 axis as a key driver of CO-induced ferroptosis, but how this pathway intersects with other cell-death pathways remains to be clarified