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Case presentation Case 1 : A 50-year-old Caucasian man with penile pain and double penile curvature of 5 (left ventrolateral), palpable nodule, and normal penile rigidity

10.1038/s41575-020-00381-6 66 HuttenlocherP

Current research findings: Preclinical studies have shown that prebiotics can alter gut microbiota composition, reduce inflammation, and improve social behaviors in animal models of autism

Intravenous administration is more likely to increase plasma carnitine concentration, yet homeostatic mechanisms tightly control blood concentration through metabolism and renal excretion: Up to 90% of 2 g of L-carnitine administered intravenously is excreted into the urine within 12 to 24 hours

The current diagnostic criteria are listed below: Natural history