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The weighted median provides a consistent estimate of the causal effect even when up to 50% of the information comes from genetic variants that are invalid instruments [43]

Available from: Accessed on 25/09/2025

UK Biobank is a large, ongoing, prospective cohort study, with currently a median follow-up time of 11.1 years [29]

While carnitine is generally safe, some research suggests it may be pro-atherogenic, but additional long-term trials assessing its effects on the cardiovascular system are necessary.

Fish odor syndrome is a syndrome in which a lack of, or diminished, flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO3) activity (which converts TMA to TMAO) leads to the accumulation of TMA in the blood [55]